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Related Concept Videos

Site-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: Polymeric Carriers01:24

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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...
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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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After oral administration, poor permeability often limits the rate at which drugs are absorbed through the intestinal epithelium. Enhancing drug permeability is crucial for effective therapy, and several strategies have been developed to overcome this challenge.One effective strategy involves the use of lipid-based formulations. These formulations enhance dissolution and solubility, targeting physiological mechanisms to increase drug absorption. This includes stimulating bile salt secretion,...
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Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Disc-Toroid Hybrid Lipid Nanoparticles for Efficient Drug Encapsulation and Subcutaneous Delivery.

Zanelle van Niekerk1,2, Rima Nuwayhid3, Stefaniya Gaydarova4

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland, South Africa.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) engineered from carnauba wax and red palm oil offer robust sub-50 nm carriers for subcutaneous drug delivery. These biocompatible nanoparticles demonstrate high drug encapsulation and sustained release for improved bioavailability.

Keywords:
AF4SAXSasymmetrical flow field flow fractionationdisc‐toroid hybriddrug deliverylipid nanoparticlesmultidetection

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Area of Science:

  • Nanotechnology
  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Effective subcutaneous and intradermal drug delivery necessitates systems with enhanced bioavailability and biocompatibility.
  • Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are promising carriers, but their formulation requires optimization for stability and controlled release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer and characterize carnauba-wax/red-palm-oil lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for subcutaneous and intradermal drug delivery.
  • To evaluate the physicochemical properties, drug encapsulation efficiency, stability, and biocompatibility of these novel LNPs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic physicochemical analysis using Cryo-TEM, SAXS, and multidetection asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation.
  • Biological evaluation including long-term viability assays in human fibroblasts, macrophages, and ex vivo human skin.
  • Drug loading with quinine or dihydroartemisinin to assess encapsulation efficiency and stability.

Main Results:

  • Engineered LNPs exhibited a robust sub-50 nm size with a toroidal disc-shaped morphology (30-40 nm).
  • Approximately 90% encapsulation efficiency was achieved for model drugs without altering particle size or crystallinity.
  • Formulations demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and sustained release, with minimal lipid penetration into receiver media, indicating a local depot effect.

Conclusions:

  • Purposeful matrix engineering of carnauba-wax/red-palm-oil LNPs yields a stable, biocompatible carrier for under-skin drug administration.
  • The dual-surfactant corona improved size dispersity, crucial for predictable formulation performance.
  • These findings provide valuable insights into formulation-property relationships for optimizing subcutaneous drug delivery systems.