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Designing the Precursor Structure Through Composite Engineering for Achieving High-Capacity Lignin-Derived Hard

Jianhui Ma1, Zhenqiang Zhang1, Yu Zhang1

  • 1Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Biorefinery, School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology (GDUT), Guangzhou, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|March 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries using a lignin-polyaniline composite precursor. This strategy enhances interlayer spacing and closed-pore structures, boosting sodium-ion storage capacity.

Keywords:
hard carbon anodeligninpolymersodium‐ion batteryπ–π stacking interaction

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Hard carbon anodes are crucial for sodium-ion batteries, offering abundant sodium-ion storage sites due to their curved graphene sheets and cross-linked structures.
  • Enhancing sodium-ion storage performance requires precursors that yield hard carbons with larger interlayer spacing and more closed-pore structures.
  • Alkali lignin (AL) is a promising biomass precursor, but its inherent aggregate structure limits the formation of desired microstructures during carbonization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel hard carbon anode material for sodium-ion batteries with improved sodium-ion storage performance.
  • To overcome the limitations of alkali lignin as a precursor by modifying its aggregate structure.
  • To engineer the microstructure of lignin-derived hard carbon for enhanced electrochemical properties.

Main Methods:

  • A lignin-polyaniline composite (AL/PANI) was synthesized via intermolecular interactions between alkali lignin (AL) and polyaniline (PANI).
  • The AL/PANI composite was subjected to one-step high-temperature carbonization to produce lignin-polyaniline-derived hard carbon (LPHC).
  • The structural changes and electrochemical performance of the resulting LPHC were characterized.

Main Results:

  • The polyaniline component disrupted the aggregate structure of lignin, leading to hard carbon with enlarged interlayer spacing and a rich closed-pore structure.
  • The synthesized LPHC exhibited a high specific capacity of 360 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1.
  • A significant plateau-potential capacity of 250 mAh g-1 was achieved, demonstrating excellent sodium-ion storage capability.

Conclusions:

  • Utilizing guest molecules like polyaniline to regulate the composite structure of lignin is an effective strategy for tailoring hard carbon microstructure.
  • This approach enables the fabrication of high-performance hard carbon anode materials derived from biomass for sodium-ion batteries.
  • The study highlights a promising route for structure engineering of lignin-derived carbons for advanced energy storage applications.