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Anatomical Positions

Anatomical Positions

In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
The body is upright, facing forward, and standing erect.
The feet are parallel and flat on the floor.
The arms are hanging by the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 13, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Published on: July 15, 2021

The Prone-Angled Transpsoas Approach: Utilizing Position, Approach, Navigation, and Neuromonitoring in Prone Lateral

Timothy Y Kim¹, Jen-Yeu Wang², Meera Mistry²

¹Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.

Neurosurgery Practice

|March 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A novel prone angled transpsoas (PAT) technique for lateral lumbar fusion offers enhanced sagittal alignment and reduced risks. This approach combines prone positioning benefits with navigated oblique access for safer, single-position surgery.

Keywords:

Lateral lumbar interbody fusion Minimally invasive spine surgery Oblique lumbar interbody fusion Prone angled transpsoas Prone transpsoas

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Last Updated: Mar 13, 2026

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Surgical Approach and Complications of Stand-alone Lateral Trans-Psoas Interbody Fusion

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Prone Lateral Minimally Invasive Retropleural Corpectomy Using a Rotatable Radiolucent Jackson Table

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Published on: July 3, 2025

Area of Science:

Spine surgery
Minimally invasive techniques
Lumbar fusion

Background:

Advancements in lateral lumbar interbody fusion focus on minimally invasive, anatomy-preserving methods.
Existing prone transpsoas and oblique lumbar interbody fusion techniques have limitations.
A novel prone angled transpsoas (PAT) technique is introduced.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe the novel prone angled transpsoas (PAT) surgical technique.
To combine the benefits of prone positioning with navigated oblique/angled access.
To simplify lateral lumbar fusion and minimize surgical risks.

Main Methods:

Description of the operative technique for the PAT approach.
Review of the rationale behind the PAT approach.
Presentation of a representative case example.

Main Results:

A case of grade 1 L4-L5 anterior spondylolisthesis treated with PAT lateral lumbar interbody fusion.
Successful use of neuromonitoring and navigation during the PAT procedure.
PAT combined advantages of prone transpsoas surgery with navigated anterior angled approach, potentially minimizing plexus injury.

Conclusions:

Early experience suggests the PAT technique is feasible and offers advantages.
The technique leverages prone positioning and navigated oblique access for safer lateral corridor creation.
Further follow-up studies are ongoing to evaluate the PAT technique.