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Green hydrogen pathways for a net-zero future: technologies, circular economy integration, life-cycle performance and
Debajyoti Kundu1, Arun Barathi1, Kumari Pooja1
1Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Sciences, SRM University-AP Amaravati Andhra Pradesh 522240 India debajyoti.k@srmap.edu.in.
RSC Advances
|March 12, 2026
Summary
Green hydrogen production, storage, and transport require careful assessment for sustainability. No single method is universally optimal; targeted deployment and integrated policy are crucial for a viable hydrogen economy.
Area of Science:
- Sustainable Energy Technologies
- Green Chemistry and Circular Economy
- Environmental Policy and Assessment
Background:
- Green hydrogen is proposed as a universal energy solution, but its sustainability requires critical evaluation.
- Existing research often overlooks the interconnectedness of production, storage, transport, and policy dimensions.
- An integrated framework is needed to assess the conditions under which hydrogen deployment is truly sustainable.
Purpose of the Study:
- To critically evaluate the technological, environmental, and policy aspects of green hydrogen.
- To synthesize advances in hydrogen production, storage, transport, and safety.
- To assess the sustainability of hydrogen deployment under various conditions and through different pathways.
Main Methods:
- Comparative analysis of conventional, biological, electrolytic, photocatalytic, and waste-derived hydrogen production pathways.
- Assessment of storage and distribution options (compressed, liquefied, chemical carriers, porous materials).
- Integration of life-cycle assessment data to identify environmental hotspots (global warming potential, water use, toxicity).
- Examination of policy frameworks, including India's National Green Hydrogen Mission, focusing on implementation and industrial integration.
Main Results:
- No single green hydrogen pathway meets all sustainability criteria (efficiency, emissions, resource intensity, toxicity).
- Key hotspots for environmental impact identified in global warming potential, water use, and cumulative energy demand.
- Storage and distribution options vary significantly in energy density, safety, recyclability, and infrastructure readiness.
- Policy frameworks require robust implementation mechanisms, certification, and industrial integration strategies.
Conclusions:
- Targeted deployment, system integration, and regional optimization are essential for sustainable hydrogen.
- Embedding green chemistry principles is vital for minimizing environmental impact.
- Coordinated policy and infrastructure planning are necessary for a resilient and equitable hydrogen economy.
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