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Immersive Neurosurgical Anatomy Using Photogrammetry: Technical Note and Scoping Review.
Jhon E Bocanegra-Becerra1, Daniel Ballesteros-Herrera2, Khaled Alhwaishel3
1Academic Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
Journal of Neurological Surgery. Part B, Skull Base
|March 12, 2026
Summary
Photogrammetry creates high-fidelity 3D anatomical models for neurosurgery education. While promising for visuospatial skills, challenges in accuracy and depth perception need addressing for microsurgical training.
Area of Science:
- Neurosurgery
- Medical Education
- Medical Imaging
Background:
- Photogrammetry offers potential for advancing microsurgical education.
- This study explores photogrammetry's application in neurosurgical anatomy and education.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the use of photogrammetry in neurosurgical anatomy.
- To identify technical guidelines and implementation areas for photogrammetry in education.
Main Methods:
- Created 3D models of neuroanatomy (white matter, brainstem, cranial nerves) using photogrammetry.
- Conducted a scoping review of photogrammetry in neurosurgical anatomy education across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase.
Main Results:
- High-quality 3D models of neuroanatomy were generated.
- The review identified 28 relevant articles, detailing photogrammetry's three stages: acquisition, processing, and visualization.
- Most studies reported high-fidelity reconstruction (75%), but fewer assessed depth perception (42.9%). Cranial region models dominated (96.4%).
Conclusions:
- Photogrammetry enables creation of portable, high-fidelity virtual anatomical models for neurosurgery.
- These models can enhance visuospatial skills training.
- Objective accuracy and depth perception remain key challenges for effective microsurgical education.
