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Related Concept Videos

Responses to Salt Stress02:02

Responses to Salt Stress

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Responses to Heat and Cold Stress02:45

Responses to Heat and Cold Stress

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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

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Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Analysis of Effect of Compound Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Salt Tolerance Analysis of Pepper Capsicum annuum L.
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Transcriptomic Insights Into Peppermint Adventitious Root Development Induced by Trichoderma Volatile Organic

Zhongjuan Zhao1, Qingao Kan1, Kai Yang1

  • 1Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Sciences, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China.

Physiologia Plantarum
|March 12, 2026
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Trichoderma harzianum ST02 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) promote peppermint root growth under salt stress. VOCs enhance salt tolerance by modulating plant hormone signaling and ion transport, aiding adventitious root development.

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RNA‐seqTrichodermadifferentially expressed genes (DEGs)hormone signaling

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Science
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Salt stress negatively impacts plant root development, affecting crop yields.
  • Peppermint (Mentha × piperita) is a valuable medicinal plant with inherent salt tolerance.
  • Beneficial microbes can enhance plant stress resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of Trichoderma harzianum ST02 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in improving peppermint adventitious root development under salt stress.
  • To identify key molecular pathways and genes modulated by T. harzianum ST02 VOCs.

Main Methods:

  • Peppermint seedlings were exposed to various NaCl concentrations with or without T. harzianum ST02 VOCs.
  • Morphological analysis quantified root development.
  • Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) identified VOC components.
  • RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analyzed gene expression changes.

Main Results:

  • T. harzianum ST02 VOCs significantly increased adventitious root number and length under salt stress.
  • 3(2H)-furanone, dihydro-2-methyl was identified as a key VOC component.
  • VOCs modulated genes involved in hormone signaling (auxin, gibberellin, ABA, ethylene), ion transport, ROS scavenging, and cell wall modification.
  • Differential gene expression analysis revealed 5589 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) under stress and VOC treatment.

Conclusions:

  • T. harzianum ST02 VOCs enhance peppermint salt tolerance by promoting adventitious root development.
  • VOCs facilitate root growth through coordinated regulation of plant hormone pathways, ion homeostasis, and cell wall remodeling.
  • This study provides a molecular basis for using microbial VOCs to improve plant resilience in saline environments.