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Evaluating the Use of In-Game Rule Changes as a Primary Prevention Approach to Reduce Injury Risk in Invasion Team
Hamish Gornall1,2, Haley Truscott3, Isla J Shill4,5,3
1Edinburgh Sports Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Sport, PE and Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK. h.gornall@sms.ed.ac.uk.
Sports Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)
|March 12, 2026
Summary
In-game rule changes in invasion team sports can reduce injury risk, but their effectiveness and unintended consequences require careful consideration. Further research, especially in female populations, is needed to address knowledge gaps.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Injury Prevention
- Biomechanics
Background:
- Invasion team sports exhibit higher injury rates compared to non-invasion sports.
- In-game rule modifications are a key strategy for mitigating injury risk by altering player behavior and game events.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the implementation and impact of in-game rule changes in invasion team sports.
- To assess the utilization, effectiveness, and unintended consequences of these rule modifications.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive scoping review was conducted.
- Extensive literature searches were performed across major databases including Scopus, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, and Web of Science.
Main Results:
- Out of 2205 identified studies, 47 were included, focusing on sports like ice hockey, tackle football, and rugby union.
- Rule changes achieved their intended injury-reducing effects in 28 studies, with no significant change in 9, and an increase in injury in 4.
- Four studies examined unintended consequences, with two analyzing multiple rule changes over several seasons.
Conclusions:
- In-game rule changes show potential for reducing injury risk in invasion team sports.
- Careful consideration of unintended consequences is crucial when implementing rule modifications.
- Further research is essential, particularly focusing on female athletes to close existing knowledge gaps.
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