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The photorefractive effect in lithium niobate can compromise quantum key distribution security. This study demonstrates how an eavesdropper can exploit this effect, even at low light levels, to break quantum communication security.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Processing
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Cryptography

Background:

  • Lithium niobate's optical properties are vital for quantum technologies.
  • The photorefractive effect in lithium niobate can disrupt quantum device operations.
  • This effect poses a threat to the security of quantum key distribution (QKD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate the practical security vulnerabilities of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) under the photorefractive effect.
  • To analyze an eavesdropping strategy that exploits the photorefractive effect in lithium niobate.
  • To assess the impact of this attack on different CV-QKD protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating an eavesdropper injecting visible light to induce the photorefractive effect in a lithium niobate waveguide.
  • Deriving the intensity change in a variable optical attenuator caused by the photorefractive effect.
  • Presenting composable finite-size security analysis for one-way CV-QKD and continuous-variable measurement-device-independent QKD (CV-MDI-QKD).

Main Results:

  • The induced-photorefraction attack effectively compromises QKD security, even at low irradiation powers (e.g., 3 μW).
  • The attack's effectiveness was demonstrated across various waveguide technologies (proton-exchanged and annealed-proton-exchanged).
  • Eve's optimal attack strategy for CV-MDI-QKD is linked to the information reconciliation process.

Conclusions:

  • The photorefractive effect presents a significant practical security threat to CV-QKD systems.
  • Low-power light injection can be sufficient to break the security of quantum key distribution.
  • Developing countermeasures against induced-photorefraction attacks is crucial for enhancing QKD system security.