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Long-term Potentiation01:35

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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
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  1. Home
  3. Alpha Power Increases Spontaneously During A Neurofeedback Session.
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  3. Alpha Power Increases Spontaneously During A Neurofeedback Session.

Related Experiment Video

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training
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Alpha power increases spontaneously during a neurofeedback session.

Jacob Maaz1,2,3, Laurent Waroquier4, Alexandra Dia5,6,7

  • 1Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CRPN, Marseille, France. jacob.maaz@univ-amu.fr.

Communications Psychology
|March 13, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NF) does not reliably enhance alpha brainwaves through volitional control. Study findings suggest observed changes are non-specific, challenging the efficacy of EEG-NF for targeted brain modulation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychophysiology

Background:

  • Electroencephalographic neurofeedback (EEG-NF) is a technique using real-time EEG feedback to modulate brain activity.
  • Alpha neurofeedback is particularly explored for cognitive enhancement and clinical applications, assuming it enables volitional brain rhythm regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether alpha neurofeedback genuinely facilitates volitional control over brain rhythms or if observed effects stem from non-specific influences.
  • To critically reassess the underlying mechanisms and efficacy of EEG-NF.

Main Methods:

  • A preregistered, double-blind, sham-controlled study was conducted with healthy participants.
  • Three groups were included: genuine EEG-NF, sham EEG-NF, and a passive control group.
  • EEG data was analyzed to assess alpha power changes and other brain rhythms under different feedback conditions.

    • Main Results:

    • A robust increase in alpha power was observed across all groups, irrespective of feedback veracity or engagement in self-regulation.
    • Parallel increases in theta and sensorimotor rhythms indicated broadband, non-specific modulation.
    • Feedback update frequency did not influence the observed alpha power increases.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings challenge the core assumption that EEG-NF enables volitional control of brain activity.
    • Spontaneous, repetition-related processes appear to be the primary drivers of observed EEG changes, not specific volitional control.
    • A critical reevaluation of EEG-NF efficacy and its mechanistic underpinnings is warranted.