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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Is Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Capable of Detecting Different Motor Cell Clusters Within the

Gregor Durner1, Georg Colbus1, Vera Marschal1

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Ulm, Günzburg, Germany.

Brain and Behavior
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS) did not differentiate precentral gyrus subdivisions. Higher stimulation intensity may have masked subtle functional differences, suggesting further research with adjusted protocols is needed for precise mapping.

Keywords:
M1hand knobmotor mappingnTMS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Motor Cortex Mapping

Background:

  • A 2021 algorithm reliably mapped precentral gyrus subdivisions based on excitability and motor response speed.
  • Anterior subregions showed lower excitability and slower responses compared to the posterior "M1 proper" region.
  • This study aimed to verify these findings using non-invasive navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if nTMS can identify the anatomical subdivision of the precentral gyrus described by Rossi et al.
  • To compare motor cortex excitability and response characteristics between different precentral gyrus subregions using nTMS.
  • To determine the efficacy of nTMS in differentiating functional areas within the motor cortex.

Main Methods:

  • Fifteen healthy volunteers underwent nTMS targeting the hand knob area of the motor cortex.
  • The motor cortex was divided into four parallel strips: s, precentral non-proper, precentral proper, and postcentral.
  • Electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes and latencies were recorded after stimulating each strip at 150% of the resting motor threshold (RMT).

Main Results:

  • Descriptive analysis showed higher mean EMG amplitudes in the precentral proper strip.
  • Statistical modeling revealed no significant differences in EMG amplitude between precentral proper and non-proper regions.
  • No statistically significant differences in EMG amplitude or latency were found across the four stimulation strips.

Conclusions:

  • The applied nTMS protocol, using 150% RMT, failed to clearly delineate functional subdivisions of the precentral gyrus.
  • High stimulation intensity might have obscured subtle functional differences between the subregions.
  • Further studies using lower stimulation intensities (90-100% RMT) or paired pulse protocols may be necessary for precise differentiation.