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Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Heterogeneous Removal of Water-Soluble Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalyst from Aqueous Media Via Host-Guest Interaction
Published on: August 23, 2018
Doped Ru-Based Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Water Electrolysis: Advances in Boosting Activity and
Qinyun Hu1, Rong Qin1, Yunhu Han1,2
1Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Queen Marry University of London Engineering School, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
Abstract:
Proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE) is a promising technology for green hydrogen production, yet its efficiency is limited by the sluggish kinetics and instability of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under acidic conditions. Among various catalysts, Ru-based materials show superior intrinsic activity but suffer from dissolution and structural degradation, highlighting the need for rational design strategies. This review summarizes recent progress in heteroatom doping strategies for Ru-based acidic OER catalysts. The fundamental OER mechanisms, including the adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM), lattice oxygen-mediated mechanism (LOM), and oxide pathway mechanism (OPM), are briefly outlined to clarify the correlation between reaction pathways and catalyst structures. Then focusing on how doping modifies the electronic configuration and lattice distortion of RuO2 to optimize reaction pathways and intermediate adsorption. Typical cases of nonmetal, high-valence metal, low-valence metal, and multielement co-doping, are compared in terms of their effects on activity and stability. Finally, challenges and future directions for rational catalyst design are proposed.
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