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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
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Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

155
The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

90.3K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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An Iodide-Chloride Solid Electrolyte Compatible with Lithium Metal for All-Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

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Synergistic Oxy-Fluoro-Halide Superionic Conductor Stabilized to Lithium Anode.

Deli Xu1, Weijun Tuo1, Sheng Wang1

  • 1International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of 2D Metamaterials for Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new halide solid-state electrolyte (SSE) for high-performance all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). This material shows excellent stability against lithium metal, crucial for battery safety and longevity.

Keywords:
Li+ conductivityLi2ZrCl6all-solid-state batteryfluoride interfacial layerhalide solid electrolyte

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Halide superionic conductors offer high oxidative stability and mechanical deformability for all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs).
  • A key challenge is the instability of halide solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) when in contact with lithium metal anodes.
  • Developing stable halide SSEs is critical for advancing ASSLB technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel halide SSE with enhanced stability against lithium metal.
  • To investigate the electrochemical properties and interfacial behavior of the new material.
  • To demonstrate the potential of the material in high-performance ASSLBs.

Main Methods:

  • An oxy-fluoro-synergistic strategy was employed to synthesize Li2.8ZrCl4.8-O0.8F0.4 (LZC-OF) with protective Li2O&LiF surface layers.
  • Ionic conductivity measurements were performed at 25 °C.
  • Electrochemical stability against lithium metal was assessed using symmetric Li|LZC-OF|Li cells.
  • Performance in a full ASSLB cell was evaluated through cycling and rate capability tests.

Main Results:

  • The synthesized LZC-OF material exhibited an ionic conductivity of 0.72 mS cm-1 at 25 °C.
  • An in situ-formed fluoride interfacial layer between LZC-OF and Li metal ensured excellent cycling stability (600 h) in symmetric cells.
  • The full cell demonstrated satisfactory capacity retention (87.4% after 100 cycles at 0.5C) and high-rate performance (105.3 mAh g-1 at 1C).

Conclusions:

  • The oxy-fluoro-synergistic approach successfully enhanced the electrochemical stability of halide SSEs.
  • The Li2ZrCl6-family material shows significant promise for application in high-performance ASSLBs.
  • This work provides an innovative design strategy for overcoming lithium metal compatibility issues in halide SSEs.