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Proofreading

Proofreading

Proofreading

Proofreading

Synthesis of new DNA molecules is carried out by the enzyme DNA polymerase, which adds nucleotides on the daughter strand complementary to the template DNA strand. DNA polymerase has a higher affinity to add the correct base and ensures fidelity during DNA replication. Furthermore, it exhibits proofreading activity during replication, using an exonuclease domain that cuts off incorrect nucleotides from the nascent DNA strand.
Errors During Replication are Corrected by the DNA Polymerase...

Overview of DNA Repair

Overview of DNA Repair

In order to be passed through generations, genomic DNA must be undamaged and error-free. However, every day, DNA in a cell undergoes several thousand to a million damaging events by natural causes and external factors. Ionizing radiation such as UV rays, free radicals produced during cellular respiration, and hydrolytic damage from metabolic reactions can alter the structure of DNA. Damages caused include single-base alteration, base dimerization, chain breaks, and cross-linkage.
Chemically...

Overview of DNA Repair

Overview of DNA Repair

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Atomic Force Microscopy Investigations of DNA Lesion Recognition in Nucleotide Excision Repair

Published on: May 24, 2017

Writing DNA Bases into sp³ Quantum Defects.

YuHuang Wang¹, Abhindev Kizhakke Veetil¹, Alexander Kotsanos²

¹Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States.

Research Square

|March 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Scientists chemically encoded DNA base information into quantum defects in carbon nanotubes. This breakthrough bridges molecular sequences and quantum photonics for novel applications.

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Area of Science:

Quantum Optics
Materials Science
Synthetic Biology

Background:

Quantum defects in carbon nanotubes offer room-temperature single-photon emission.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) provides programmable molecular information storage.
A direct chemical link between DNA sequence and semiconductor defect properties is missing.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a chemical framework for translating DNA sequence information into semiconductor defect energetics.
To create nucleobase-specific quantum defects in carbon nanotubes.
To establish a programmable method for controlling quantum optical properties using DNA.

Main Methods:

In situ diazotization of nucleobases within DNA-wrapped carbon nanotube scaffolds.
Selective activation of adenine, cytosine, and guanine primary aromatic amines.
Spectroscopic and theoretical analysis of defect-induced optical signatures.

Main Results:

Native DNA bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine) were successfully written into carbon nanotube color centers.
Distinct, nucleobase-specific optical signatures were observed for each incorporated base.
Thymine acted as a chemically inert spacer, enabling programmable defect incorporation.
DNA templating ensured uniform defect formation by confining reactive intermediates.
Emission energies were found to be dependent on nucleobase identity, not defect density.

Conclusions:

A direct chemical bridge between molecular sequence and quantum photonics was established.
In situ diazotization enables precise control over semiconductor defect properties using DNA.
This method allows encoding molecular information into the energetic landscape of quantum defects.