Nano-Enabled Herbal Therapeutics for Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Translating Ethnopharmacological Bioactives into Advanced...

Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a common and serious complication in individuals with diabetes, representing a leading cause of hospitalization and frequently resulting in severe outcomes such as amputations, increased morbidity, and mortality. The development of diabetic foot infection (DFI) is typically attributed to a combination of factors, including persistent hyperglycemia, impaired immune function, peripheral neuropathy, and vascular insufficiency. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are crucial for favorable outcomes; however, the growing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens presents a significant challenge, placing additional strain on healthcare systems. Considering these concerns, there is an increasing interest in herbal therapies with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing properties-such as garlic (Allium sativum), turmeric (Curcuma longa), and neem (Azadirachta indica)-as potential adjunct or alternative treatments. This review explores key aspects of DFI, including its pathophysiology, global prevalence, statistical data, risk factors, diagnostic approaches, current and potential herbal treatments, associated challenges, and future directions.