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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity
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Spatial Distance and Temporal Attentional Focus Modulate Voluntary Action Preparation and Awareness.

Gaiqing Kong1,2, Bastien Barlerin1, Clément Desoche1,3

  • 1Impact Team of the Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (CRNL) INSERM U1028 CNRS UMR5292 Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.

Psychophysiology
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peripersonal space (PPS) and attentional focus influence action preparation and awareness. Near-body space and focusing on intention enhance early neural readiness, while focusing on execution speeds up motor activity. Action outcomes also modulate movement preparation.

Keywords:
action awarenessaction outcomeattentional focusmotor preparationreadiness potentialspatial proximitytemporal bindingvoluntary action

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Peripersonal space (PPS) modulates perception and motor control, but its role in action initiation and subjective experience is unclear.
  • The influence of attentional focus on action phases and anticipated outcomes on neural readiness for movement requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how spatial proximity, attentional focus, and anticipated action outcomes affect action preparation and awareness.
  • To examine the neural correlates of these modulations using electroencephalography (EEG) and a virtual reality Libet clock paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a virtual reality adaptation of the Libet clock paradigm during EEG recordings.
  • Manipulated attentional focus (intention formation vs. execution) and anticipated action outcomes.
  • Assessed the impact of spatial proximity (near vs. far PPS) on neural activity and behavioral timing perception.

Main Results:

  • Attentional focus and anticipated outcomes modulated different phases of the readiness potential (RP).
  • Focusing on intention enhanced early RP, while focusing on execution steepened the late RP slope.
  • Spatial proximity modulated early RP slope and enhanced late RP amplitude when focusing on intention; behavioral results showed earlier perceived action timing in near space.

Conclusions:

  • External spatial context (PPS) and internal cognitive processes dynamically interact to shape motor preparation and action awareness.
  • Attentional focus on intention can modulate early neural readiness, challenging traditional views of unconscious preparation.
  • Findings offer insights into the sense of agency and voluntary action decision-making.