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Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...

Solid–Solid Solutions

Solid–Solid Solutions

The temperature-composition phase diagram of two solids, A and B, which are immiscible in the solid phase but form miscible liquids, shows that when the temperature is low, these two exist as separate, pure solids (A and B). As the temperature increases, they transition into a single-phase liquid solution where A and B coexist. Moving from point a1 to a2 in the phase diagram, the composition changes such that solid B begins to separate from the solution, enriching the remaining liquid with A.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Published on: February 9, 2017

High-pressure crystal structure and phase transitions in B₂O₃.

Dominik Spahr¹, Sean S Sebastian², Lukas Brüning²

¹Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Geosciences, Altenhöferallee 1, Frankfurt 60438, Germany. d.spahr@kristall.uni-frankfurt.de.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)

|March 13, 2026

Summary

A new high-pressure boron oxide (B2O3) polymorph, B2O3-P212121, was synthesized and characterized. This non-centrosymmetric crystal structure, featuring corner-sharing tetrahedra, can be recovered at ambient conditions.

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$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

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Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

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Published on: February 9, 2017

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

Published on: June 7, 2018

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid State Chemistry
High-Pressure Physics

Background:

Boron trioxide (B2O3) exhibits complex phase behavior under high pressure.
Understanding the structural evolution of B2O3 is crucial for materials science applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize and characterize a novel high-pressure polymorph of boron oxide.
To determine the crystal structure and properties of this new phase.

Main Methods:

High-pressure synthesis using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell.
Crystal structure determination via synchrotron single crystal X-ray diffraction.
Computational analysis using density functional theory (DFT) and experimental Raman spectroscopy for confirmation.

Main Results:

A new high-pressure polymorph, B2O3-P212121, was successfully synthesized at 50 GPa and temperatures up to 2500 K.
The crystal structure was identified as non-centrosymmetric with space group P212121, characterized by corner-sharing [BO4] tetrahedra.
Experimental and DFT data confirmed the structure, which aligns with previous theoretical predictions.
The B2O3-P212121 polymorph is recoverable under ambient conditions.

Conclusions:

The discovery of B2O3-P212121 expands the known phase diagram of boron oxide.
The non-centrosymmetric nature of this polymorph may have implications for nonlinear optical properties.
The recoverability of this high-pressure phase opens avenues for further investigation at ambient conditions.