Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

5.8K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
5.8K
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

4.1K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility,...
4.1K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

2.9K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
2.9K
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

5.3K
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
5.3K
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

14.8K
Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in...
14.8K
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

142.3K
Overview
142.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Differences of immunoreactivity for luminal and myoepithelial cell markers and oxytocin receptor in canine normal mammary ducts and ductal tumors.

The Journal of veterinary medical science·2026
Same author

Efficacy and safety of single high-dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a multicenter, single-arm, open-label, clinical trial.

BMC nephrology·2026
Same author

Prognostic Value of Psoas Major Muscle Volume in Assessing Sarcopenia in Elderly Patients With Rectal Cancer.

Annals of gastroenterological surgery·2026
Same author

A Study on the Association Between Treatment Response to Atezolizumab Plus Bevacizumab Combination Therapy for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gut Microbiota.

Microorganisms·2026
Same author

Anatomical Highlights During Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy: A Step-by-Step Educational Video.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026
Same author

ASO Author Reflections: Standardized and Reproducible Surgical Steps of Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy.

Annals of surgical oncology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

17.4K

Type 1 diabetes remodels the area postrema perivascular-immune interface.

Eriko Furube1, Yusuke Tanaka1, Shigetaka Yoshida1

  • 1Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Hokkaido, Japan.

Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism : Official Journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) have unique immune cell niches within their perivascular spaces (PVS). These immune cells and PVS structures in the area postrema (AP) rapidly change within a week of diabetes onset.

Keywords:
Circumventricular organsmicroglia/macrophageneuroimmune interfaceperivascular spacetype 1 diabetes

More Related Videos

Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice
10:03

Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice

Published on: November 18, 2022

2.4K
Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 14, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

17.4K
Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice
10:03

Bioluminescent Monitoring of Graft Survival in an Adoptive Transfer Model of Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice

Published on: November 18, 2022

2.4K
Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Brain Barrier Research

Background:

  • Circumventricular organs (CVOs) like the area postrema (AP) lack a typical blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • Expanded perivascular spaces (PVS) in CVOs are implicated in neuroimmune communication.
  • The dynamic behavior of immune cells within CVO PVS under metabolic stress is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the precise localization and dynamics of immune cells within CVO PVS.
  • To determine how systemic metabolic stress, specifically type 1 diabetes, alters immune cell distribution and PVS structure in the AP.
  • To compare changes in the AP with a BBB-intact region, the solitary nucleus (Sol).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized 3D multiplex immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy.
  • Mapped Iba1-positive immune cells relative to basement membranes (laminin) and vessels (CD31).
  • Employed P2RY12 staining to differentiate parenchymal microglia from PVS-associated cells. Induced type 1 diabetes using streptozotocin.

Main Results:

  • At baseline, the AP PVS contained numerous P2RY12-negative, Iba1-positive cells, exceeding other brain regions.
  • Seven days after inducing diabetes, the AP showed reduced PVS area, increased structural complexity, and elevated Iba1-positive cell counts.
  • No significant changes were observed in the BBB-intact solitary nucleus (Sol) under the same conditions.

Conclusions:

  • CVO PVS represent a distinct immune niche populated by P2RY12-negative, Iba1-positive cells.
  • The AP's vascular and immune compartments undergo rapid remodeling within one week of metabolic perturbation.
  • The AP acts as an early-responding hub for peripheral-to-brain signaling, suggesting potential for early diabetes biomarker and therapeutic development.