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NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Automation of Mode Locking in a Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Fiber Laser through Output Polarization Measurements

Published on: February 28, 2016

Advances in laser pulse modulations.

Daniele Robesti^1,2, Davide Perri³, Giorgio Bozzini³

¹Division of Experimental Oncology/Unit of Urology, URI, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele.

Current Opinion in Urology

|March 13, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pulse modulation technologies enhance laser handling and efficiency in endourology procedures like laser lithotripsy and prostate enucleation. However, definitive proof of superiority in hard clinical outcomes is still lacking.

Keywords:

holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser lithotripsy pulse modulation thulium fiber laser

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Area of Science:

Endourology
Laser technologies
Surgical innovation

Background:

Pulse modulation technologies are emerging in endourology.
These technologies alter laser-fluid-target interactions.
Focus is on laser lithotripsy and endoscopic prostate enucleation.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent evidence on the clinical impact of pulse modulation in endourology.
Specific focus on laser lithotripsy and endoscopic prostate enucleation.
Evaluate advancements in laser-fluid-target interaction.

Main Methods:

Review of preclinical models, in vitro experiments, prospective cohorts, retrospective comparisons, and randomized controlled trials.
Analysis of advanced pulse-shaping strategies.
Evaluation of technologies like Moses and Magneto.

Main Results:

Preclinical data show improved fragmentation and retropulsion control.
Clinical studies report comparable stone-free rates for laser lithotripsy.
Modest advantages in operative efficiency and energy consumption noted.
Prostate enucleation studies suggest improved hemostasis and efficiency, but not functional outcomes.

Conclusions:

Pulse modulation technologies offer improved laser handling and efficiency.
Superiority in hard clinical outcomes for pulse modulation remains unproven.
Further clinical validation is needed.