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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Human-specific lncRNAs contributed critically to human evolution by distinctly regulating gene expression.

Jie Lin1,2, Yujian Wen1, Ji Tang1

  • 1Bioinformatics Section, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Elife
|March 13, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human-specific long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their regulatory elements significantly altered gene expression during human evolution. These changes promoted adaptation, brain development, and population differences, with lncRNAs impacting the brain more than transcription factors.

Keywords:
Neanderthalscomputational biologygeneticsgenomicshumanhuman evolutionhuman-specific lncRNAlong noncoding RNAsystems biology

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Human evolution is marked by genetic differences from apes and archaic humans, despite genomic similarity.
  • Previous research focused on protein-coding genes, leaving the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) understudied.
  • lncRNAs are crucial regulators of gene expression and play a significant role in evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify human-specific (HS) lncRNAs and their DNA-binding sites (DBSs).
  • To investigate the influence of HS lncRNAs and their DBSs on gene expression across human evolution.
  • To compare the regulatory impact of HS lncRNAs versus HS transcription factors (TFs) on gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Identified HS lncRNAs from GENCODE human lncRNA annotations.
  • Predicted DNA-binding domains (DBDs) and DBSs for HS lncRNAs.
  • Analyzed DBS sequences in modern humans, archaic humans, and chimpanzees.
  • Examined gene expression changes influenced by HS lncRNAs and their DBSs.
  • Compared HS lncRNA effects with HS TF effects on gene expression in GTEx tissues.

Main Results:

  • HS lncRNAs and their DBSs have significantly reshaped gene expression throughout human evolution.
  • This reshaping facilitated adaptation to new environments and lifestyles.
  • HS lncRNAs promoted brain evolution and contributed to cross-population genetic differences.
  • HS lncRNAs demonstrated a more substantial impact on brain gene expression compared to HS TFs.

Conclusions:

  • HS lncRNAs are key drivers of human evolutionary changes, particularly in brain development.
  • The continuous evolution of lncRNAs and their regulatory elements has shaped distinct human phenotypes.
  • Understanding lncRNA evolution provides insights into human adaptation and cognitive evolution.