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Related Concept Videos

Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

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Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round...
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Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

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Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Prosopagnosia01:24

Prosopagnosia

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Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is the inability to recognize faces. In severe cases, individuals with prosopagnosia may not recognize close family members, including parents and spouses, by their faces. For instance, someone with prosopagnosia might walk past their child in a crowd, only realizing their mistake upon noticing their child's distinctive backpack or favorite jacket. Prosopagnosia specifically impairs facial recognition, while the recognition of other objects or...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
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Visual Perception in Visual Snow Syndrome.

Cassandra J Brooks1,2,3, Bao N Nguyen1, Allison M McKendrick1,2,3

  • 11Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Annual Review of Vision Science
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a neurological condition characterized by visual disturbances. Research is advancing our understanding of VSS through perceptual assessments and neurobiology, aiding diagnosis and treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a neurological disorder gaining recognition, with ICD-11 inclusion in 2025.
  • Current VSS diagnosis relies on symptom-based criteria and patient-reported visual phenomena.
  • Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of VSS is crucial for advancing research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on visual perceptual performance in VSS.
  • To connect visual perception findings with potential neurobiological mechanisms.
  • To identify future research directions and challenges in the VSS field.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on visual perception in VSS.
  • Analysis of novel visual perceptual assessments for symptom quantification.
  • Discussion of neurobiological correlates of VSS symptoms.

Main Results:

  • VSS research is rapidly evolving, with new perceptual assessments enabling symptom quantification.
  • Studies are beginning to elucidate the neurobiological basis of VSS visual disturbances.
  • Interindividual differences in VSS symptoms are being identified.

Conclusions:

  • Visual perceptual research is key to understanding VSS.
  • Quantifying VSS symptoms aids clinical trials and mechanistic studies.
  • Further research into VSS neurobiology is needed to address diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.