Dual-mode orange-red long-persistent luminescence in Mn²⁺-doped borosilicate glass under ultraviolet excitation

Although glass-based long-persistent luminescence (LPL) materials offer superior transparency and integration capability compared with conventional phosphors, their emission has been predominantly restricted to the blue-green region, leaving warm-color LPL largely unexplored. In this work, Mn²⁺-doped borosilicate glasses with warm-color LPL were prepared using the high-temperature melting method, and tunable LPL behaviors with dual-modes were achieved under 365/254 nm excitation. Under 365 nm excitation, the LPL color can be continuously tuned from yellow to red with enhanced LPL intensity, whereas under 254 nm excitation, a nonmonotonic intensity evolution with bright orange LPL is observed. Combined analyses reveal the dual role of Mn²⁺ ions as both the orange-red emitting center and an effective trap-modulating species, leading to excitation-dependent LPL behaviors. This study promotes the application of multi-mode and secure warm-color LPL glasses in optical information storage.