Insights into substrate binding and utilization by hyaluronan synthase

Hyaluronan (HA), a heteropolysaccharide of alternating N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and glucuronic acid (GlcA), is an essential component of the vertebrate extracellular matrix. HA biosynthesis proceeds via three evolutionarily convergent reaction mechanisms, catalyzed by the membrane-integrated class 1 enzymes that either elongate the non-reducing (NR) or reducing end of HA, as well as the class 2 hyaluronan synthase (HAS), a soluble non-processive enzyme. Class 1-NR HAS, found in both vertebrates and large double-stranded DNA viruses, is monomeric and couples HA polymerization via coordinated transfer of UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcA substrates with the secretion of the nascent HA chain through its own transmembrane channel. How this HAS discriminates between two UDP-sugars using a single active site is a critical, yet unresolved question. Using single-particle cryo-EM, we reveal a two-step process by which the Chlorella virus HAS (CvHAS) recognizes and positions its substrate, UDP-GlcA, for glycosyl transfer. Further, we report greatly diminished turnover of UDP-GlcA in the absence of a primer, distinguishing acceptor-free activity toward UDP-GlcNAc. Lastly, prompted by observation of a dodecyl maltoside bound HAS, we demonstrate the utility of non-canonical acceptors in priming of a UDP-GlcA transfer reaction. Altogether, this work clarifies the molecular basis for HAS' dual substrate specificity and the role of UDP-GlcA recognition in integrity of HA synthesis.