Nephrotic syndrome in children: A review

Nephrotic syndrome in children is a frequent glomerular disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and dyslipidemia, most commonly caused by minimal change disease. Although corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy, variable treatment responses and the growing prevalence of steroid-resistant cases underscore the need for improved therapeutic strategies. The pathogenesis involves podocyte injury, immune dysregulation, and genetic susceptibility, highlighting the importance of early risk stratification. This review synthesizes current understanding of disease mechanisms, standard and emerging treatment options, and supportive care measures that mitigate complications such as infections, thromboembolism, and long-term renal impairment. By examining recent advances in biomarkers and precision medicine, the study aims to clarify how individualized treatment approaches can optimize outcomes while minimizing drug-related toxicity. A clearer understanding of evolving therapies and targeted podocyte-protective agents provides a foundation for future research and improved management of pediatric nephrotic syndrome.