Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye01:16

Focusing of Light in the Eye

6.2K
Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Olfactory sensory map is perturbed in a human wild-type α-synuclein overexpressing transgenic mouse model of Parkinson's disease.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2026
Same author

Ocular Translation Due to Gravitational Acceleration.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2025
Same author

Olfactory Dysfunction After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the RECOVER Adult Cohort.

JAMA network open·2025
Same author

Functional Anatomy of Ocular Counter-Rolling in Superior Oblique Palsy.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2025
Same author

Factors associated with resident pursuit of pediatric ophthalmology fellowship.

Journal of AAPOS : the official publication of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus·2025
Same author

Metabolic dysregulation and resistance to high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice overexpressing human wild-type α-synuclein.

NPJ Parkinson's disease·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 5, 2026

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model
05:56

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model

Published on: April 3, 2016

9.4K

Spherical Equivalent Refraction Versus Axial Length for Monitoring Childhood Myopia and Estimating Disease Risk: A

Robert A Clark1, Rupa K Wong2

  • 1From South Bay Family Eye (R.A.C.), Long Beach, California, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (R.A.C.), Los Angeles, California, USA.

American Journal of Ophthalmology
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Spherical equivalent refraction (SER) is better than axial length (AL) for monitoring childhood myopia and predicting eye disease risk in most patients. AL is useful for identifying a small group with very long eyes at high risk.

More Related Videos

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography
07:44

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: July 24, 2020

3.6K
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 5, 2026

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model
05:56

Scleral Cross-linking Using Riboflavin and Ultraviolet-A Radiation for Prevention of Axial Myopia in a Rabbit Model

Published on: April 3, 2016

9.4K
In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography
07:44

In vivo Structural Assessments of Ocular Disease in Rodent Models using Optical Coherence Tomography

Published on: July 24, 2020

3.6K
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

1.9K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Public Health
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Childhood myopia is a growing global health concern.
  • Current guidelines often prioritize axial length (AL) for monitoring myopia.
  • However, significant pathology occurs in eyes not meeting high AL thresholds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) for monitoring childhood myopia progression.
  • To evaluate their effectiveness in predicting adult myopia-related pathologies.
  • To inform optimal clinical monitoring strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies (1990-2025).
  • Included studies reported AL and/or SER with demographic or ocular outcome data.
  • Analyzed data using random-effects meta-analyses and descriptive synthesis.

Main Results:

  • SER showed weaker dependence on demographics than AL.
  • Longer AL strongly correlated with retinal pathology, but affected <10% of eyes.
  • SER better predicted cataract and primary open-angle glaucoma risk across the myopic spectrum.

Conclusions:

  • SER is a more comprehensive metric for monitoring most childhood myopia and associated disease risks.
  • AL thresholds effectively identify a small subgroup with high retinal risk.
  • SER should be the primary metric, with AL used selectively for monitoring significant axial elongation.