The emerging role of high-throughput proteomics in advancing precision medicine

Proteins serve as the fundamental executors of cellular function and the key mediators linking genome to phenome, offering unique insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying human diseases. Recent technological breakthroughs have enabled the quantification of thousands of proteins, opening an unprecedented avenue for exploring human health at the proteome level. As proteomic data generation expands in scale and depth, new opportunities are emerging to translate proteomic signatures into clinical practice, paving the way toward precision medicine. In this review, we summarize current progress using proteomics for biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis and prediction, and drug development. We further highlight innovative artificial intelligence strategies that have revolutionized proteomics analysis and interpretation. Finally, we discuss the key challenges, limitations, and future perspectives essential for realizing the full potential of proteomics in precision medicine.