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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Transition analysis 3: Skeletal age estimation program.

Jesper L Boldsen1, Thomas Wulff Heissel2, Sara M Getz3

  • 1ADBOU, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M DK5230, Denmark.

Forensic Science International
|March 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new computer program, TA3-V1.0, accurately estimates adult human skeleton age using multiple skeletal transition curves. This tool aids forensic and archaeological research by providing reliable age-at-death estimations from diverse skeletal remains.

Keywords:
Age-estimation computer programSkeletal age estimationTA3Transition analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Bioarchaeology
  • Human Osteology

Background:

  • Accurate age estimation in adult human skeletons is crucial for forensic and archaeological investigations.
  • Existing methods often lack precision, especially with incomplete skeletal remains.
  • Human skeletal variation necessitates robust and adaptable age estimation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel computer program, TA3-V1.0, for estimating adult age at death.
  • To integrate multiple age-of-transition curves for enhanced accuracy.
  • To provide reliable age estimation for both complete and incomplete human skeletal remains.

Main Methods:

  • Generated 47 skeletal structure and 69 transition curves using data from 1638 modern known-age skeletons across four continents.
  • Developed the TA3-V1.0 computer program to calculate maximum likelihood estimates and confidence intervals (80%, 90%, 95%).
  • Incorporated individualized estimation capabilities based on present anatomical structures and an old-age adjustment feature.

Main Results:

  • The TA3-V1.0 program demonstrates high accuracy in age estimation.
  • With an old-age adjustment, the correlation between true and estimated ages reached 0.92.
  • Without the adjustment, the correlation was 0.91, indicating strong overall performance.

Conclusions:

  • TA3-V1.0 provides a significant advancement in the accurate estimation of age at death for adult human skeletons.
  • The program's flexibility accommodates diverse skeletal samples and research needs in forensics and archaeology.
  • The developed method offers reliable and precise age estimations, improving the interpretation of skeletal evidence.