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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Continuous variable QKD inspired analog encryption for classical PAM links.

Ahmad Atieh1, Alexander Raytchev2, Mihail Raytchev2

  • 1Optiwave Systems Inc., Ottawa, ON, K2E 8A7, Canada. ahmad.atieh@optiwave.com.

Scientific Reports
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We introduce a quantum-key-distribution-inspired method to mask classical M-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (M-PAM) signals using Gaussian dither. This technique enhances security by making the signal fragile to mismatches, obscuring payload data.

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Area of Science:

  • Optical Communications
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Physical Layer Security

Background:

  • Classical communication systems require robust physical-layer security methods.
  • Existing methods may necessitate dedicated channels or complex protocols.
  • Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) offers high security but can be complex to implement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and analyze a novel continuous-variable (CV) QKD-inspired keyed physical-layer masking method.
  • To secure classical M-level pulse-amplitude-modulation (M-PAM) links without a separate quantum channel.
  • To investigate the method's performance under ideal and simulated link conditions.

Main Methods:

  • A transmitter adds a per-symbol Gaussian dither, generated by a seeded pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), to the analog waveform.
  • An authorized receiver regenerates and subtracts the same dither sequence before signal slicing.
  • Analysis includes an idealized baseband model with additive-white-Gaussian-noise (AWGN) and a system-level OptiSystem model of an intensity-modulation/direct-detection (IM/DD) link with double quantization.

Main Results:

  • In an idealized model, matched seeds and parameters result in near-ideal subtractive cancellation, matching standard AWGN bit-error-rate (BER) benchmarks for Gray-coded 4-PAM.
  • Mismatches in seed or parameters introduce additional Gaussian noise, causing SNR penalties or high BER floors.
  • In the OptiSystem model, the masking creates a pseudo-constellation with intrinsic algorithmic BER floors, enabling operation in a fragile edge-of-FEC regime for obfuscation.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed keyed physical-layer masking method effectively secures M-PAM links by leveraging QKD principles.
  • The scheme operates on the data-carrying signal over conventional fiber, enhancing practical implementation.
  • The method provides a classical protection layer, with keying material sourced via authenticated channels or independent QKD systems.