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What makes a mountain?

Øyvind Paasche^1,2, Helle Siljeholm³

¹Department of Climate Dynamics, NORCE, Bergen, Norway. oypa@norceresearch.no.

|March 14, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

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Mountains are visually striking landforms that shape climate and ecosystems. Human interaction with mountains, while fostering empathy, paradoxically alters these landscapes, posing a challenge for conservation efforts.

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Cultural Geography
Conservation Biology

Background:

Mountains significantly influence global climate, ecosystems, and biodiversity due to steep environmental gradients.
These dynamic landscapes attract diverse life forms and are crucial for human resources, refuge, and inspiration.
Conservation efforts, including national parks and restoration initiatives, highlight human concern for mountain protection.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore how human perceptions shape the definition and perceived value of mountains.
To examine the interplay between science, myth, and culture in human-mountain relationships.
To introduce and analyze the "Næss dilemma" concerning mountain conservation.

Main Methods:

Case study analysis of three European mountains: Mt. Snøhetta (Norway), the Dolomites (Italy), and Mt. Parnassos (Greece).

Keywords:

Art Mountain Nature Preservation Restoration Value

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Examination of how scientific, mythical, and cultural perspectives inform human-mountain interactions.

Conceptual development of the "Næss dilemma" to describe conservation paradoxes.

Main Results:

The definition of mountains remains contested, with global estimates varying and excluding sub-glacial or oceanic mountains.
Each case study demonstrates the complex ways science, myth, and culture shape human relationships with mountains.
The "Næss dilemma" illustrates the inherent paradox in conservation: engagement alters the object of preservation.

Conclusions:

Human perception is central to defining mountains and their value, influencing conservation strategies.
Understanding the multifaceted human-mountain relationship is crucial for effective environmental management.
The "Næss dilemma" presents a critical challenge for sustainable mountain conservation, requiring careful consideration of human impact.