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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Shoulder01:23

Muscles of the Shoulder

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The muscles surrounding the shoulder girdle, including the clavicle and scapula, primarily stabilize the scapula. This stable base allows other muscles to move the humerus effectively. Scapular movements often mirror those of the humerus and extend its range of motion. For instance, raising the arm above the head would not be feasible without simultaneous upward rotation of the scapula.
Anterior Thoracic Muscles
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Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty
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Scapular Morphometry Informs Suprascapular Nerve Injury Risk During Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Cadaveric Study.

Dave Osinachukwu Duru1,2, Salma Chaudhury1,3, Niel Kang1,3

  • 1Human Anatomy Centre, Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Scapular dimensions predict the superior safe zone for reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) screw placement. Shorter scapular spines increase posterior cortical breach risk, suggesting morphometry can guide RSA planning.

Keywords:
cadavericglenoid baseplatepatient-specificperipheral screwreverse shoulder arthroplastysafe zonesscapular dimensionssuprascapular nerve

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Anatomy
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • Reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) requires secure glenoid baseplate fixation.
  • Peripheral screw insertion during RSA risks suprascapular nerve (SSN) injury.
  • Existing safe zones for screw placement may not account for individual scapular anatomy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if described safe zones for RSA screw placement correlate with scapular morphometry.
  • To assess if common screw positions during RSA confer differential SSN risk.
  • To investigate the relationship between scapular dimensions and SSN proximity during screw insertion.

Main Methods:

  • Dissection of 20 cadaveric shoulders to measure safe zones and scapular dimensions.
  • Simulated RSA baseplate fixation with varying superior and posterior screw positions.
  • Analysis of cortical breach and SSN proximity, correlating findings with scapular morphometry.

Main Results:

  • The superior safe zone significantly correlated with scapular dimensions (r = 0.78-0.86).
  • All superior screws remained intraosseous; no significant SSN proximity difference was noted for posterior screws.
  • Posterior cortical breach occurred in 50% of cases, associated with shorter scapular spine length (p = 0.027).

Conclusions:

  • Scapular dimensions predict the superior safe zone, indicating anatomical scalability.
  • Posterior safe zone is not predicted by scapular dimensions, but shorter spines increase breach risk.
  • Scapular morphometry may inform preoperative RSA planning, but requires prospective validation.