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Related Concept Videos

Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

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Characterization of a Novel Human Organotypic Retinal Culture Technique
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Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema.

António Campos1,2, Maria João Furtado3,4, Ângela Carneiro5,6

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Santo André Hospital, ULSRL, 2410-197 Leiria, Portugal.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious diabetes complication causing vision loss. Inflammatory biomarkers are key for understanding DR severity, progression, and guiding personalized treatments for diabetic macular edema (DME).

Keywords:
OCT biomarkersdiabetic macular oedemadiabetic retinopathyinflammationinflammatory biomarkers

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a significant complication of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to visual impairment.
  • Diabetic macular edema (DME) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) are primary causes of vision loss in DR patients.
  • Current treatments for DME are ineffective in a subset of patients, highlighting the complex, systemic nature of DR.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive review of inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and diabetic macular edema (DME).
  • To explore the role of both imaging and molecular biomarkers in DR management.
  • To discuss the potential of biomarkers in predicting disease progression and therapeutic response.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on inflammatory biomarkers in DR and DME.
  • Classification of biomarkers based on imaging (e.g., OCT) and molecular properties (cytokines, chemokines, adipokines).
  • Analysis of biomarker detection in various biological samples (vitreous, aqueous humor, tears, serum).

Main Results:

  • Inflammatory biomarkers, including cytokines and adipokines, are crucial in DR pathogenesis.
  • Biomarkers can be detected in multiple ocular and systemic fluids.
  • Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a primary method for assessing imaging biomarkers.

Conclusions:

  • Reliable inflammatory biomarkers are essential for determining DR severity and monitoring progression.
  • Biomarkers can aid in preventing end-stage disease and predicting treatment outcomes.
  • Personalized treatment strategies for DR and DME can be guided by predictive biomarker analysis.