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The Vestibular System

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System

Published on: December 29, 2023

Visuo-Vestibular Virtual Reality-Based Training for People with Stroke: A Feasibility Study.

Jacopo Piermaria¹, Diego Piatti², Sara De Angelis¹

¹Santa Lucia Foundation, Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, 00179 Rome, Italy.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)

|March 14, 2026

Summary

This study found that virtual reality (VR) vestibular physical therapy (VPT) is a feasible and engaging approach for stroke survivors, showing positive trends in balance improvement and user satisfaction.

Keywords:

stroke vestibular physical therapy vestibular rehabilitation virtual reality

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A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

A Rehabilitation Program of Exoskeleton-assisted Body Weight-Supported Treadmill Training with Non-immersive Virtual Reality for Stroke Patients

Published on: May 16, 2025

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Rehabilitation Medicine
Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

Stroke commonly causes balance deficits, impacting mobility and quality of life.
Vestibular physical therapy (VPT) offers potential for improving postural control via neuroplasticity.
Virtual reality (VR) provides immersive, ecologically valid environments for engaging rehabilitation.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the feasibility and acceptability of a novel VR-based visuo-vestibular rehabilitation protocol for chronic stroke.
To explore preliminary effects on balance, gait, and functional outcomes using clinical and wearable sensor measures.

Main Methods:

A randomized feasibility study involving 9 individuals with chronic stroke.
Participants were assigned to either a Real VR-VPT group or a Sham VR group for 12 sessions.
Feasibility assessed via attendance, participation (PRPS), user satisfaction (USEQ); safety monitored via adverse events.

Main Results:

High adherence and excellent user satisfaction were reported in both groups.
Exploratory analysis indicated improvements in balance measures (MiniBESTest, BBS) in the Real VR-VPT group.
Wearable inertial measurement unit (IMU) data showed gait improvements across both groups.

Conclusions:

The VR-VPT protocol is feasible, safe, and well-tolerated by individuals with chronic stroke.
Exploratory findings suggest potential benefits for balance and mobility.
Combining clinical assessments with wearable sensor data is a viable approach for evaluating rehabilitation outcomes.