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Noncoding RNAs in Pediatric Solid Tumors: Advances in Understanding and Critical Knowledge Gaps
Graham Duff1, Christine Mella2, Alexa Amato-Loudon2,3
1Department of Biology, The University of Akron, 302 Buchtel Common, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
Abstract:
The etiology of pediatric cancers is unique, stemming from developmental dysregulation rather than acquired mutations from carcinogenic exposure. These diseases demonstrate vastly different underlying genetic and epigenetic alterations and unique tissue microenvironments which are only now beginning to be explored. While many pediatric cancers have seen improved overall and event-free survival rates thanks to innovations in diagnosis and treatment, many have seen little to no improvement in patient outcomes. This highlights a critical need for additional research into the underlying genetic and epigenetic alterations in these pathologies. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules known to regulate gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational levels and can serve as biomarkers of disease. Here, we examine current knowledge of the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the onset, progression, and therapeutic response of pediatric solid tumors. We discuss the current and future potential and pitfalls of these molecules as therapeutics and biomarkers and highlight critical knowledge gaps where future research might provide insight to improve current therapeutic strategies and improve clinical outcomes.
Insights
Pediatric solid tumors arise from developmental issues, not environmental factors. Research into non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) like miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs offers new biomarker and therapeutic potential for these challenging childhood cancers.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric Oncology
- Molecular Biology
- Epigenetics
Background:
- Pediatric cancers stem from developmental dysregulation, differing from adult cancers.
- While survival rates have improved for some pediatric cancers, many require novel therapeutic strategies.
- Understanding the unique genetic and epigenetic landscape of pediatric tumors is crucial.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in pediatric solid tumors.
- To explore the potential of ncRNAs as biomarkers and therapeutics.
- To identify knowledge gaps in ncRNA research for improving pediatric cancer outcomes.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of current knowledge on ncRNAs in pediatric solid tumors.
- Examination of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs).
- Discussion of potential clinical applications and future research directions.
Main Results:
- ncRNAs play significant roles in the epigenetic regulation of pediatric cancers.
- Specific ncRNAs are implicated in tumor onset, progression, and response to therapy.
- ncRNAs show promise as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Conclusions:
- ncRNAs represent a critical area for future research in pediatric oncology.
- Targeting ncRNAs may offer novel therapeutic avenues for improving patient outcomes.
- Further investigation into ncRNA mechanisms and clinical utility is warranted.
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