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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
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Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems01:28

Phase Diagrams of Ternary Systems

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Consider a ternary system, which is composed of three components: water (W), ethanoic acid (E), and trichloromethane (T). Here, Ethanoic acid (E) is fully miscible with both water (W) and trichloromethane (T), meaning it can mix entirely with either of them. However, water and trichloromethane have partial miscibility, meaning they can only mix to a certain extent, beyond which two separate phases will form.The phase diagram of a ternary system is represented as an equilateral triangle, where...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless Quantum Transition in Two Dimensions.

M Cristina Diamantini1, Carlo A Trugenberger2,3, Valerii M Vinokur4

  • 1NiPS Laboratory, INFN and Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, via A. Pascoli, I-06100 Perugia, Italy.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explored the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition in two-dimensional quantum systems. They found a zero-temperature quantum BKT phase transition driven by coupling constants, distinct from disorder-driven transitions.

Keywords:
Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless phase transitionCompact U(1) gauge theoryquantum phase transitions

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Field Theory
  • Statistical Mechanics

Background:

  • The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) transition is a fundamental concept in 2D systems, explaining phase transitions via topological defects like vortices.
  • Typically observed in thermal systems, the BKT transition involves vortex unbinding at a critical temperature TBKT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the BKT transition framework to zero-temperature quantum systems in two dimensions.
  • To investigate quantum BKT phase transitions driven by coupling constants in effective gauge field theories.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an effective gauge field theory with a diverging dielectric constant to model quantum systems.
  • Analyzed a compact U(1) gauge theory with non-relativistic magnetic monopoles (electric vortices).

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated the occurrence of a zero-temperature quantum BKT phase transition driven by a coupling constant.
  • Identified that these quantum BKT transitions exhibit the same diverging exponent 'z' as quantum Griffiths transitions.
  • Established that these transitions are not related to disorder.

Conclusions:

  • Quantum BKT transitions can be induced by coupling constants in 2D quantum systems, even at zero temperature.
  • The mechanism involves topological defects (magnetic monopoles/electric vortices) in gauge theories with specific dielectric properties.
  • These findings offer a new perspective on phase transitions in quantum materials, distinct from disorder-driven phenomena.