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Updated: Mar 15, 2026

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes
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Optimizing Rheology and Structure of Silver Pastes for Screen-Printed Silicon Solar Cells.

Baisen Hou1, Zhiqiang Xia1, Zhen Pang1

  • 1Faculty of Material Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650093, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Optimizing organic vehicle composition in silver paste enhances Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cell efficiency. This research provides key insights for developing advanced conductive pastes for sustainable solar energy technologies.

Keywords:
height-to-width ratioorganic vehiclerheological propertiessilver pastethixotropy

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy Technologies
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Solar energy is crucial for sustainable technologies.
  • Front-side silver paste efficiency directly impacts Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon) solar cell performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of organic vehicle composition on conductive paste rheology and electrical performance.
  • To optimize silver paste formulations for enhanced TOPCon solar cell efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • Rheological characterization
  • Contact angle measurements
  • Three-Interval Thixotropy Tests (3ITT)
  • Analysis of solvent, binder, and thixotropic agent ratios.

Main Results:

  • An optimized paste formulation with a specific solvent mixture (TE:DGME:BCA:DBP in 3:4:2:1), EC STD10 binder, and PAW-HCO thixotropic agent (3:1 ratio) showed superior viscosity control.
  • The optimized paste achieved a height-to-width ratio (H/W) of 0.35 and a sheet resistance (Rs) of 1.43 Ω/□.
  • Established direct relationships between organic vehicle composition, paste rheology, and functional performance.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides practical guidance for designing high-performance conductive pastes for silicon (c-Si) solar cells.
  • Findings lay the groundwork for improving the efficiency and reliability of next-generation silver paste formulations in photovoltaic applications.