Making the Bridge Between Experiment and Theory in Metal Oxides for Renewable Energy: Based on TiO₂, ZnO, and BiVO₄

Metal oxides such as TiO₂, ZnO, and BiVO₄ have emerged as pivotal materials for renewable energy technologies owing to their versatile electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. This review highlights the importance of bridging experimental investigations with Density Functional Theory (DFT) to deepen the understanding of structure-property relationships in these systems. Experimental approaches provide critical insights into synthesis strategies, performance evaluation, and sustainability, whereas DFT offers predictive power at the atomic scale by elucidating electronic structures, reaction mechanisms, and defect dynamics. The synergy of these methods enables the rational design of advanced materials for photocatalysis, solar cells, and energy storage applications. Looking ahead, research opportunities lie in the development of doped and heterostructured metal oxides, the integration of machine learning for accelerated material discovery, and the implementation of in situ/operando studies that capture time-resolved phenomena. By making the bridge between experiment and theory, significant progress can be achieved toward sustainable and efficient energy solutions.