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Related Concept Videos

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease01:30

Inflammatory Bowel Disease II: Crohn's Disease

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Inflammatory bowel disease, commonly known as IBD, refers to a collection of disorders that lead to persistent inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. The two types of IBD are ulcerative colitis, which impacts the colon, and Crohn's disease, which can involve any part of the gastrointestinal segment.
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Various diagnostic tests are employed in the diagnostic process for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), particularly to differentiate between Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
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Inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD, encompasses a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation or ulceration of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Chronic bowel diseases are a group of long-term conditions affecting the digestive tract, characterized by inflammation and damage to the gut lining. These conditions primarily include irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease.
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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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A Developmental Perspective on the Intestinal Microbiota in Crohn's Disease.

Marcello Imbrizi1, Daniela Oliveira Magro2, Andrey Santos3

  • 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), 420 Carlos Chagas St, Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 14, 2026
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Summary

This review proposes a new framework for understanding gut microbiome changes in Crohn's disease (CD), highlighting inflammation-driven instability rather than static imbalances. This approach aims to improve disease stratification and guide precision therapies for CD patients.

Keywords:
Crohn’s diseasebarrier functiondysbiosisgut microbiomehost–microbiomeimmune regulationinflammatory bowel diseasemetabolitesmulti-omics

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Immunology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Inflammatory Bowel Disease Studies

Background:

  • Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder resulting from complex interactions.
  • Genetic, immune, environmental, and gut microbiome factors contribute to CD pathogenesis.
  • Current understanding of dysbiosis in CD requires a more integrated framework.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a developmental and compartment-aware framework for interpreting dysbiosis in Crohn's disease.
  • To synthesize current evidence on microbial composition, metabolism, and host-immune interactions in CD.
  • To propose a dynamic ecological model for understanding microbiome alterations in CD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature synthesis of microbial composition and functional metabolism in CD.
  • Integration of spatial heterogeneity, transmural pathology, and mesenteric interactions.
  • Analysis of host-immune crosstalk and the role of non-bacterial members.

Main Results:

  • Dysbiosis in CD is characterized by inflammation-driven ecosystem instability, not just taxonomic imbalance.
  • Microbiome alterations are shaped by disease location, inflammatory activity, and therapeutic exposure.
  • Emerging roles of non-bacterial members in the CD microbiome are considered.

Conclusions:

  • A dynamic ecological model incorporating disease trajectory and anatomical compartmentalization is crucial for CD.
  • Refined disease stratification can be achieved through a better understanding of microbiome dynamics.
  • Future microbiome-informed precision therapies for CD can be guided by this framework.