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Biomarkers for Screening and Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome: A Narrative

Anda-Maria Pintea1,2, Ioan-Alexandru Minciună3, Dana Pop1,3

  • 1Rehabilitation Cardiology Discipline, 4th Department of Internal Medicine, "Iuliu Hațieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Victor Babeş Street, No. 8, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 14, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome poses challenges for early heart failure detection. This review examines current biomarker strategies, identifying limitations and future research needs for improved screening and diagnosis.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Disease

Background:

  • Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM) is a complex, emerging health concept.
  • Poor CKM health is a growing global concern, necessitating better cardiovascular dysfunction detection.
  • Heart failure is common in patients with chronic kidney disease and metabolic risk factors, complicating diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current screening and diagnostic methods for heart failure in CKM syndrome.
  • To evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of established and novel biomarkers.
  • To identify evidence gaps and suggest future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current guidelines and biomarker evidence.
  • Analysis of gold-standard and emerging biomarkers for heart failure in CKM.
  • Assessment of diagnostic challenges and limitations.

Main Results:

  • Current prediction scores and natriuretic peptide biomarkers have limitations in CKM syndrome.
  • Emerging biomarkers show promise for reflecting underlying heart failure mechanisms.
  • Significant gaps exist in evidence for optimal screening and diagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • Improved screening biomarkers and multimarker prediction scores are needed for CKM syndrome.
  • Clinical practice could be enhanced by validated biomarkers.
  • Reducing morbidity and mortality in CKM syndrome requires further research and development.

Keywords:
biomarkercardiovascular–kidney–metabolic syndromeheart failureprediction score

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