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Sex Differences in Cancer-Associated Thrombosis.

Andrea Giachi1, Davide Santagata2, Addolorata Truma1

  • 1Angelo Bianchi Bonomi Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) risk varies by biological sex and gender. Men have higher overall venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence, while women may face earlier, therapy-linked events, necessitating sex-informed research for precision oncology.

Keywords:
cancergenderhemostasisinflammationsexvenous thromboembolism

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Hematology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) significantly increases morbidity and mortality in cancer patients.
  • Biological sex and gender influence venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk and presentation in cancer.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for personalized cancer care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review epidemiological, biological, and clinical data on sex and gender differences in CAT.
  • To explore how these factors impact VTE risk and treatment complications across malignancies.
  • To highlight the need for sex- and gender-specific research in CAT.

Main Methods:

  • Narrative review of existing literature.
  • Synthesis of data on sex- and gender-related disparities in CAT.
  • Analysis of epidemiological trends, biological mechanisms, and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Men generally show higher VTE incidence; women may experience earlier, treatment-related events.
  • Sex-based differences exist in coagulation, inflammation, and treatment complications like bleeding.
  • Data on sex differences in hematologic malignancies are limited and inconsistent.

Conclusions:

  • Biological sex is a significant factor modifying CAT risk.
  • Sex- and gender-informed research and reporting are essential for advancing precision medicine in oncology and thrombosis.
  • Further investigation is needed to elucidate underlying mechanisms and address disparities.