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Wireless Sensor Node Self-Powered by a Hybrid-Supercapacitor and a Multi-Junction Solar Module.

Mara Bruzzi1,2, Irene Cappelli3, Mirko Brianzi2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Firenze, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a self-powered wireless CO2 sensor node for environmental monitoring. The compact device uses solar power and a supercapacitor for autonomous, long-term CO2 tracking, even in low light.

Keywords:
CO2 sensorsIoTenvironmental gas monitoringhybrid supercapacitorsmulti-junction photovoltaicphotosynthesis monitoringself-powered sensorswireless sensor nodes

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Energy Harvesting
  • Sensor Technology

Background:

  • Autonomous environmental monitoring requires reliable, self-powered sensing nodes.
  • Existing systems often struggle with energy constraints and maintenance needs.
  • Accurate, real-time CO2 monitoring is crucial for understanding environmental dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a compact, self-powered wireless CO2 sensing node for autonomous environmental monitoring.
  • To integrate a high-efficiency photovoltaic module and supercapacitor for sustained operation.
  • To validate the system's capability for long-term, maintenance-free CO2 monitoring under various conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a multijunction photovoltaic module (27% efficiency) and a 4000 F hybrid supercapacitor.
  • Utilized a custom power management system and miniaturized NDIR CO2, humidity, and temperature sensors.
  • Implemented LoRa-based wireless communication for data transmission.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated fully autonomous operation for over a week with 5-minute data transmission intervals.
  • Successfully captured diurnal CO2 variations linked to plant activity under low irradiance (≥65 W/m²).
  • Long-term simulations confirmed stable supercapacitor voltage over yearly cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The developed solar-hybrid supercapacitor platform enables sustained, maintenance-free wireless sensor network operation for CO2 monitoring.
  • The sensing node reliably monitors plant-driven CO2 dynamics, resolving photosynthesis-respiration cycles.
  • The system is suitable for real-world, low-irradiance conditions, proving its robustness.