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3D-Printable, Honeycomb-Inspired Tissue-Like Bioelectrodes for Patient-Specific Neural Interface.

Marzia Momin1, Luyi Feng1, Xiaoai Chen2

  • 1Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Custom 3D-printed electrodes precisely match the brain's unique surface, improving neural interface performance and biocompatibility for better neuromodulation therapies.

Keywords:
3D printingECoGbioinspiredbrain‐computer interfaceneural interfacepatient‐specificsoft electrodes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Conventional rigid electrocorticography (ECoG) electrodes lack conformability to the brain's complex topography, leading to poor contact, signal loss, and adverse tissue reactions.
  • Patient-specific neural interfaces are crucial for effective neuromodulation, but current technologies struggle to meet this demand due to limitations in electrode design and material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel platform for fabricating patient-specific neural interfaces that overcome the limitations of traditional rigid electrodes.
  • To create highly conformable electrodes that precisely match individual brain gyral patterns for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Integrated platform combining MRI-based anatomical mapping, finite element analysis (FEA)-optimized mechanical design, and direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing.
  • Fabrication of honeycomb-inspired printable gel electrodes (HiPGE) using ultra-soft hydrogels engineered to match brain tissue stiffness (0.1–10 kPa).

Main Results:

  • The developed HiPGE exhibits exceptional cortical conformability and adaptive interfacing due to its mechanical congruence with brain tissue.
  • The honeycomb architecture and soft hydrogel composition ensure cost-efficiency, long-term durability, and reduced foreign body response.
  • The patient-specific design and scalable fabrication approach offer a transformative framework for neural interface engineering.

Conclusions:

  • The novel platform enables the creation of patient-specific, highly conformable neural interfaces (HiPGE) that significantly improve upon conventional rigid electrodes.
  • This approach enhances precision, biocompatibility, and functional performance, paving the way for advanced neuromodulation therapies and neuroprosthetic applications.