Development of palliative care in countries participating in the iLIVE project. Spain and Argentina case studies

To assess the level of development of palliative care in 13 countries participating in the iLIVE project, based on the World Health Organization's Conceptual Framework. The study includes an in-depth analysis of two comparative case studies: Spain and Argentina.

A descriptive, cross-sectional, mixed-methods study was conducted using six dimensions and 14 macro-indicators. Key informants in each country provided data from official sources or expert knowledge. A comparative analysis was performed across countries, and a comparative case study approach was applied to Spain and Argentina, including health system profiles and indicator classification. Consensus on final data was reached through discussion groups.

Eleven of thirteen countries provided complete or partial data. Most countries reached an advanced level of development, especially regarding the availability of essential medicines. Spain demonstrated higher integration and national policy development, while Argentina showed progress despite structural challenges. Twelve indicators lacked sufficient official data.

Although considerable progress has been made, disparities persist in key areas such as education, coordination, and equitable access. The World Health Organization framework proved useful for identifying development gaps and supporting evidence-based policymaking. Regular assessments are necessary to adapt strategies and ensure sustainable palliative care integration.