Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH): Decoding its role in fertility assessment, reproductive health and beyond

Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) is a critical regulator of reproductive processes and has emerged as a valuable tool in fertility assessment and reproductive health. This comprehensive review provides a detailed exploration of AMH, encompassing its discovery, structural characteristics, and diverse applications in reproductive medicine. The historical background of AMH, structural features including its dimeric glycoprotein composition and variations in amino acid sequences among different species, are highlighted. The role of AMH in fetal development, specifically in males, is examined. The review then delves into the expression patterns of AMH during follicular development. The review explores external factors influencing AMH secretion, including nutrition, hormonal regulation, and endocrine disruptors, along with its association with reproductive disorders. The diagnostic and prognostic utility of AMH is highlighted, emphasizing its superior specificity and sensitivity over other biomarkers. The heritability of AMH and its relevance for genetic selection in domestic animals are discussed, positioning it as a key marker for reproductive traits. Advances in AMH assays, particularly ELISA, are outlined with relevance to clinical and field applications. This comprehensive review underscores AMH's multifaceted role in fertility assessment and reproductive health, while also identifying future research prospects and its potential in personalized reproductive medicine.