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Electrocortical reactivity during self-referential processing in current and remitted depression.

Jessica R Simon1, Nicholas J Santopetro1, Julia Klawohn2

  • 1Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.

International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology
|March 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with current and remitted depression show negative self-referential bias behaviorally, suggesting a trait-like vulnerability. Neural measures, however, reveal mood-dependent processing deficits in depression.

Keywords:
DepressionEvent-related potentialsLate positive potentialRemitted depressionSelf-referential processing bias

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Negative cognitions and self-views are linked to depression onset and maintenance.
  • Biased self-referential processing is observed in depression via behavioral and neural measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if self-referential processing biases in depression are vulnerability markers or mood-dependent.
  • To compare behavioral and neural responses in currently depressed, remitted depressed, and never-depressed individuals.

Main Methods:

  • A self-referential encoding task (SRET) with positive and negative words was administered.
  • Behavioral recall bias and late positive potential (LPP) event-related potentials were assessed.
  • Participants included adults with current depression, remitted depression, and never-depressed controls.

Main Results:

  • Behaviorally, current and remitted depression groups showed increased negative and decreased positive recall bias compared to controls.
  • Neurally, currently depressed adults had blunted early LPP to positive words and reduced late LPPs.
  • The remitted group showed intermediate neural responses between the other two groups.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral biases in self-referential processing may represent a trait-like vulnerability for depression, independent of current mood.
  • Neural measures indicate mood-dependent, stage-specific deficits in self-referential processing in depression.
  • Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether these measures reflect vulnerability or mood-dependent processes.