Chitosan and γ-polyglutamic acid interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation fibers for tendon biomimicry and...

Currently used tendon grafts, including autologous and allogeneic options, are hindered by limitations such as availability, donor site morbidity, and the risk of immune rejection. While offering potential alternatives, artificial tendons still have drawbacks, including creep, stress relaxation, fatigue, and poor tissue integration. To overcome these challenges with unmet clinical needs, this study presents a biomimetic tendon graft fabricated via interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation spinning, integrated with tailored twisting and weaving reinforcements. Hierarchical tendon biomimicry addresses anatomical and physiological features crucial for tendon repair and regeneration. The dynamic strengthening culture and growth factor incorporation, combined with spatial-controlled delicacy, further enhance the integration and functionality of the substitute, which is characterized by both tendon-related protein secretion and valuable properties similar to those found in native tissues. As demonstrated in fatigue tests, the durability and viscoelasticity of the braided scaffolds under loading-unloading cycles highlight their suitability for daily activities. This bottom-up assembly approach replicates the physiological, biological, and mechanical properties of native tendon tissue. For future perspective, this study represents a significant advancement in tendon tissue engineering, offering bioinspired woven biotextiles that hold great promise for tendon replacement.