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Related Concept Videos

Soundness of Cement01:17

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The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
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Pozzolans are siliceous or aluminous materials blended with Portland cement. They interact with the calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration of Portland cement and contribute to improved strength and durability of concrete. The pozzolanic activity, a measure of a pozzolan's effectiveness, is typically assessed using the strength activity index, as defined in ASTM C 618-93, which calculates the ratio of the compressive strength of cement mixtures with and without pozzolan.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Integrated Field Lysimetry and Porewater Sampling for Evaluation of Chemical Mobility in Soils and Established Vegetation
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Performance evaluation of stabilized clay using sodium lignosulphonate.

Ashutosh Kumar1, Prashant Kumar2, Awdhesh Kumar Choudhary3

  • 1Department of Civil Engineering, Mohan Babu University, Tirupati, 517102, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Scientific Reports
|March 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sodium Lignosulphonate (LS) effectively stabilizes challenging clay soils for infrastructure development. Optimal results were achieved with 0.75% LS, enhancing soil strength and durability while reducing plasticity.

Keywords:
CBRClayCuring periodSEMSodium Lignosulphonate (LS)Unconfined Compression Strength (UCS)

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Environmental Engineering

Background:

  • Urbanization necessitates infrastructure development on problematic soils.
  • Low-plasticity clay (CL) soils present engineering challenges.
  • Sustainable soil stabilization methods are crucial for modern construction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate Sodium Lignosulphonate (LS) as an eco-friendly stabilizer for low-plasticity clay (CL).
  • To assess the impact of LS on the engineering properties of CL soil.
  • To explore the microstructural changes and long-term performance of LS-stabilized soil.

Main Methods:

  • Laboratory testing including Atterberg's limit, unconfined compression strength (UCS), swell pressure, and California Bearing Ratio (CBR).
  • Microstructural analysis to understand the bonding mechanism of LS in soil.
  • Varied LS content (up to 0.75%) and curing times were investigated.

Main Results:

  • Increasing LS content decreased plasticity index (PI) and increased UCS, peaking at 0.75% LS.
  • Higher LS content (>0.75%) led to strength reduction due to polymer interactions.
  • Significant improvements in CBR and reduced swelling were observed with 0.75% LS after 14 days of curing.
  • Microstructural analysis confirmed LS forms a bonding substance, filling pores and enhancing particle cohesion.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium Lignosulphonate (LS) is a viable, eco-friendly stabilizer for low-plasticity clay soils.
  • Optimal LS content enhances soil strength, durability, and reduces swelling potential.
  • LS stabilization offers a sustainable solution for infrastructure projects on challenging soils.