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Related Concept Videos

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs01:05

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-SNPs

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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Updated: Mar 16, 2026

Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
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The JN.1 Variant: Emergence and Global Spread.

Pooja Rani1, Rimmy Nandal2, Vrinda Gupta3

  • 1Chandigarh Group of Colleges, Chandigarh Pharmacy Colleges, Jhanjeri, Mohali, Punjab, 140307, India.

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Summary

The COVID-19 JN.1 variant, a descendant of Omicron BA.2.86, shows increased transmissibility due to a specific spike protein mutation. Existing vaccines and antivirals remain effective against severe illness from JN.1 infection.

Keywords:
COVID-19 variantsGlobal healthJN.1infectious diseasepandemicvaccination.

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • The COVID-19 JN.1 variant, identified in August 2023, is a descendant of Omicron BA.2.86.
  • JN.1 has shown increasing global prevalence and is characterized by symptoms like sore throat, fever, and cough.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an in-depth analysis of the JN.1 variant's biological profile, epidemiology, transmissibility, and immune evasion.
  • To assess the effectiveness of current vaccines and antiviral treatments against JN.1.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature review was conducted from January 2023 to August 2024.
  • Analysis focused on recent research concerning JN.1's spread, clinical impact, and genetic mutations.

Main Results:

  • The L4555 spike protein mutation is identified as the key driver of JN.1's enhanced infectivity and immune evasion.
  • JN.1 transmission rates steadily increased from November 2023 to March 2024.
  • Current vaccines provide significant protection against severe disease, and antivirals remain effective.

Conclusions:

  • Despite increased transmissibility, JN.1 currently poses a low global health risk.
  • Continuous surveillance through digital tracking, wastewater monitoring, and genomic sequencing is crucial for managing JN.1.
  • Existing medical countermeasures remain vital tools in combating the spread and impact of the JN.1 variant.