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Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language01:10

Higher Mental Functions of the Brain: Language

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Language is a system of communication that allows the expression of thoughts, ideas, and feelings. The brain processes language in both hemispheres.
Language formation and comprehension take place in the dominant hemisphere. The dominant hemisphere is responsible for understanding the meaning of spoken, written, or sign language, as well as the ability to communicate. For most people, the left hemisphere is the dominant one. The right hemisphere, then, gives tone and emotional context to the...
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Language and Cognition01:27

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Components of Language01:24

Components of Language

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs.
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Factors Affecting Perception01:25

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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Lateralization01:28

Lateralization

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Brain lateralization refers to the division of mental processes and functions between the two hemispheres of the brain, a phenomenon that optimizes neural efficiency and underpins complex abilities in humans. This specialization allows each hemisphere to perform tasks where it has a comparative advantage, facilitating more refined cognitive capabilities across different domains.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
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Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

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Fast or slow: How linguistic context modulates action verb perception and production?

Manuel Gimenes1, Christel Bidet-Ildei2

  • 1Université de Poitiers, Université de Tours, CNRS, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage, Poitiers, France.

Acta Psychologica
|March 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Action language processing influences handwriting speed, demonstrating embodied cognition extends to motor execution. Faster contexts led to faster writing, linking language comprehension to physical action.

Keywords:
EmbodimentLanguage perceptionLanguage productionLinguistic contextMotor simulationSpeed of action

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Linguistics

Background:

  • Embodied cognition theory posits action language processing involves perceptual and motor simulations.
  • Previous research primarily explored perceptual simulations, neglecting motor tasks like handwriting.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of action verb context on handwriting speed.
  • To extend embodied cognition evidence from perceptual to motor domains.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted: one replicating prior lexical decision task findings, and a second examining handwriting.
  • Participants processed action verbs (e.g., 'run') following slow, fast, or neutral sentence contexts.

Main Results:

  • Verb context significantly affected lexical decision task times.
  • Crucially, sentence context modulated handwriting speed, with faster writing observed after fast contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Findings provide the first evidence that action language context influences motor execution in handwriting.
  • This supports the embodied cognition framework's extension to motor behavior and opens new research avenues.