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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Risk Factors for Ocular Complications Following Orbital Fractures: A Large-Scale Multivariate Analysis.

Hiroaki Oku1, Akihide Watanabe1, Tomomichi Nakayama1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.

Seminars in Ophthalmology
|March 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sports-related injuries, male sex, and specific fracture types increase the risk of ocular complications. Golf and baseball injuries pose the highest risk, necessitating prompt ophthalmologic evaluation.

Keywords:
Globe ruptureocular injuryorbital fracturesports-related injuriestraumatic mydriasis

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Trauma Surgery
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Orbital fractures are common injuries with potential for serious ocular complications.
  • Identifying risk factors is crucial for timely intervention and improved patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate risk factors associated with ocular complications in patients with orbital fractures.
  • To analyze the impact of injury type and fracture characteristics on ocular sequelae.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 1416 orbital fracture patients.
  • Assessment of fracture characteristics, injury causes, and ocular complications using clinical records and CT scans.
  • Multivariate logistic regression to identify independent predictors of ocular complications.

Main Results:

  • Ocular complications occurred in 9.5% of patients.
  • Independent predictors included sports-related injury (especially golf and baseball), male sex, non-trapdoor fractures, combined medial/orbital floor fractures, and zygomatic/maxilla fractures.
  • Golf-related fractures had a 100% complication rate; baseball-related fractures had a 38.1% rate.

Conclusions:

  • Sports-related injuries, male sex, and specific fracture patterns are significant risk factors for ocular complications.
  • Urgent ophthalmologic examination is recommended for patients with golf or baseball-related orbital fractures due to high complication rates.