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Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

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Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
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Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

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Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
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Redox Equilibria: Overview01:23

Redox Equilibria: Overview

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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
1.7K
Electrochemical Cells01:28

Electrochemical Cells

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Electrochemical cells are systems that convert chemical energy into electrical energy or use electrical energy to drive chemical reactions. They consist of two electrodes in contact with an electrolyte, where redox reactions enable electron transfer. Most electrochemical cells include two half-cells connected by an external wire for electron flow and a salt bridge for ion flow. The salt bridge contains an electrolyte solution and maintains charge neutrality by allowing ions—not...
66
Voltaic/Galvanic Cells02:47

Voltaic/Galvanic Cells

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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

1.6K
Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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An Electrochemical Cholesteric Liquid Crystalline Device for Quick and Low-Voltage Color Modulation
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Electrochromic Dynamic Windows with Redox Mediators.

Aiyan Shi1,2, Guojian Yang2,3,4, Chenjie Mu2,3

  • 1College of Energy Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed new electrochromic (EC) dynamic windows using redox mediators (RMs) to improve energy efficiency in buildings and vehicles. This innovation enhances stability and reduces operational voltage for better opto-thermal control.

Keywords:
electrochromic windowsmaterial‐agnostic platformoperational stabilityredox mediatorsreversible metal electrodeposition

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Energy Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Construction and transportation sectors are major energy consumers, necessitating efficient opto-thermal regulation in building envelopes and vehicle windows.
  • Electrochromic (EC) dynamic windows offer potential for energy conservation and comfort, but conventional methods face scalability and cost challenges.
  • Reversible metal electrodeposition (RME) is a promising EC technology, yet symmetric dual-electrode architectures suffer from instability due to parasitic reactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To overcome operational instability in RME-based EC dynamic windows.
  • To enhance interfacial kinetics and reduce overpotential for improved performance.
  • To establish a universally applicable platform technology for next-generation dynamic glazing.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of redox mediators (RMs), specifically poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), into Cu and Bi-based RME hydrogel systems.
  • Utilizing a material-agnostic approach to improve various traditional EC systems, including tungsten oxides and viologen derivatives.
  • Engineering EC dynamic windows with RMs to enhance interfacial kinetics and decrease operational voltage.

Main Results:

  • Reduced operational voltage from -1.9 V to -1.2 V.
  • Significantly enhanced long-term working stability (18,000 s compared to 180 s).
  • Achieved 6,000 cycles without degradation, maintaining stable optical modulation and improved switching speed.

Conclusions:

  • The integration of RMs provides a viable strategy to overcome instability issues in RME-based EC dynamic windows.
  • This RM strategy enhances performance across various EC systems, demonstrating its universal applicability.
  • The developed material-agnostic platform technology enables scalable fabrication of advanced dynamic glazing solutions.