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Evaluation and Optimization of Azithromycin Removal by Raw and Alkali-Modified Peanut Shells Using Taguchi-Based

Rohab Asad¹, Ghulam Hussain¹, Muhammad Usman²

¹Institute of Environmental Engineering & Research, University of Engineering & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan.

Water Environment Research : a Research Publication of the Water Environment Federation

|March 16, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Peanut shell powder effectively removes the antibiotic azithromycin from water. Alkali modification significantly enhances removal efficiency, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution for pharmaceutical pollution.

Keywords:

Taguchi adsorption antibiotics azithromycin peanut shells

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Materials Science
Chemical Engineering

Background:

Advanced antibiotic removal methods are costly, driving research into sustainable bio-adsorbents.
Peanut shell powder presents a novel, low-cost bio-adsorbent option for environmental remediation.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate raw and alkali-modified peanut shell powder for azithromycin removal.
To optimize adsorption parameters using a Taguchi-based experimental design.

Main Methods:

Characterization of adsorbents using FTIR and SEM-EDX.
Taguchi experimental design to optimize pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and time.
Kinetic, isotherm, and surface analyses to understand adsorption mechanisms.

Main Results:

Raw peanut shell powder achieved 63% azithromycin removal under optimal conditions.
Alkali-modified peanut shell powder reached a maximum removal efficiency of 85%.
Optimized conditions for modified adsorbent: pH 11, 30 mg/L initial concentration, 60 min, 0.4 g/L dose.

Conclusions:

Alkali-modified peanut shells offer superior adsorption capacity (qmax = 192.1 mg/g vs. 159.2 mg/g).
Improved performance is attributed to increased surface heterogeneity and functional groups.
pH and initial concentration are key factors influencing azithromycin removal.